Introduction

The Basics

What is Exposure and Response Prevention?

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy most commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). It involves gradually exposing a person to the thoughts, images, or situations that trigger their anxiety or distress (the “exposure” part). At the same time, the person is guided to resist the urge to engage in their usual compulsive behavior or avoidance pattern (the “response prevention”).

This process helps retrain the brain to tolerate discomfort without relying on compulsions for relief. Over time, the anxiety linked to specific triggers tends to decrease, a process known as habituation. ERP is typically done with the support of a trained therapist who helps create a structured plan that balances challenge with safety.

Goal

What is the goal of Exposure and Response Prevention?

The fundamental goal of Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) is to help people confront their fears and anxiety-provoking situations while resisting the urge to engage in compulsive or avoidant behaviors.

1. Through careful, gradual exposure to the feared situation or thought, you begin to develop a natural resistance to the anxiety it produces.
2. This process teaches your brain that the discomfort can lessen without relying on rituals or avoidance.
3. The ultimate aim is to break the cycle of obsessions and compulsions that maintain anxiety disorders.

Uses

What does Exposure and Response Prevention treat?

ERP is most extensively researched for treating Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). It is also effective in treating a range of other conditions, including:

• Other anxiety disorders (such as specific phobias, social anxiety disorder, and panic disorder)
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder
• Eating disorders (in modified forms)
• Hoarding disorder
• Tic disorders and Tourette syndrome

Subtypes

Are there any subtypes of Exposure and Response Prevention?

Several variations of ERP have been developed to address specific conditions, maintaining the core principles of ERP while adapting to client needs:

• Imaginal Exposure – In cases where direct exposure isn’t possible (such as abstract fears or intrusive thoughts), clients are guided to vividly imagine the feared scenario to provoke anxiety and reduce avoidance.
• In-Vivo Exposure – The most traditional format of ERP, where clients directly face feared situations or stimuli in real life.
• Virtual Reality ERP – Therapists use VR technology to simulate real-world exposures in a controlled setting.
• Inhibitory Learning ERP – Focuses on creating new learning experiences that directly challenge feared associations.
• Acceptance-Based ERP – Incorporates Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), helping clients tolerate anxiety while aligning with personal values.
• Intensive ERP – A more concentrated format involving daily sessions over 2–4 weeks, often used in specialized treatment centers.
• Group ERP – Conducted in a group setting, for peer support, modeling, and shared accountability.
• Family-Assisted ERP – Especially effective for children, this approach trains family members to act as coaches and supports during and between sessions.
• Stepped-Care ERP – Begins with lower-intensity interventions like self-help materials and progresses to therapist-guided treatment as needed, based on the individual’s progress.

Effectiveness

Origins

Who developed Exposure and Response Prevention, and when?

ERP emerged from behavioral psychology in the 1960s, with British psychologist Victor Meyer among the first to systematically document its use for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). His early case studies demonstrated that preventing compulsive responses during exposure to feared stimuli significantly reduced OCD symptoms.

In the 1970s and 1980s, psychologist Edna Foa and her colleagues in the U.S. advanced ERP by conducting rigorous clinical trials and developing standardized treatment protocols. Their work validated ERP’s effectiveness and helped distinguish it from other behavioral therapies.

Evidence Base

Is Exposure and Response Prevention evidence-based?

The evidence base for ERP is exceptionally strong, particularly for OCD, where it's considered the gold standard treatment. Research demonstrates that ERP leads to significant symptom reduction, with many clients maintaining improvements years after treatment ends.

Further, about 70-80% of people who complete ERP experience a substantial reduction in their OCD symptoms. What's particularly compelling about the evidence is that we can observe actual changes in brain activity patterns after successful ERP treatment.

How It Works

Techniques Used

How does Exposure and Response Prevention work?

ERP works through a systematic process of exposure to feared situations or thoughts, combined with prevention of the typical response or ritual that would usually follow.

This therapy creates a hierarchy of fears, starting with situations that cause mild anxiety and gradually working up to more challenging scenarios. Through repeated exposure without engaging in safety behaviors or compulsions, people learn that their anxiety naturally decreases over time and that their feared consequences don't materialize.

What to Expect in a Session

What can I expect from an Exposure and Response Prevention session?

In a typical Exposure and Response Prevention session, you might work with your therapist to:

• Review recent progress: Discuss homework and any challenges with exposure exercises since your last session.
• Plan next exposure: Select a specific trigger or feared scenario, often chosen from an exposure hierarchy ranked by anxiety level.
• Conduct exposure: You’ll gradually confront the feared situation or thought while your therapist supports you to resist compulsive responses.
• Practice response prevention: The therapist as coach and guide, helping you learn strategies to tolerate anxiety, either delaying or refraining from compulsive behaviors.
• Process insights: After the exposure, you’ll reflect on the experience and what you learned.
• Assign homework: You’ll receive daily exposure tasks to do between sessions, often involving self-monitoring and SUDS ratings (Subjective Units of Distress).

Treatment Length & Structure

How long does Exposure and Response Prevention take?

A typical course of ERP lasts 12 to 20 weekly sessions, though this varies based on symptom severity and individual goals. Sessions usually run 60 to 90 minutes. Early in treatment, some clients may meet more than once a week. Regular between-session practice is key to success.

ERP generally follows this structure:

1. Initial assessment and planning
2. Education about anxiety and ERP principles
3. Gradual exposure exercises (both in-session and as homework)
4. Regular monitoring and adjustment of the exposure plan

Getting Care

Finding a Therapist

How do I find a therapist trained in Exposure and Response Prevention?

Alma’s directory has many therapists who are trained in Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP), including: